Mammon is a term, derived from the Christian Bible, meaning "dishonest gain".[1] The term is used generally to describe materialwealth or greed, most oftenpersonified as a deity.
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Definition
Webster's dictionary defines "Mammon" or "Mann" as: 1) the false god of riches and avarice. 2) riches regarded as an object of worship and greedy pursuit; wealth as an evil, more or less personified.[2] Winston defines it to mean: 1) wealth, worldly gain; 2) greed for riches; cupidity.[3]Oxford defines: god of wealth, regarded as evil or immoral; 'those who worship mammon' are equivalent to greedy people who value money too highly.[4]
Etymology
Mammon is a term that was used to describe greed, avarice, and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as afalse god in the New Testament. The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence. Adjectival forms are mammonish and mammonistic.[2][3]
Etymologically, the word is assumed to derive from Late Latin'mammon', from Greek 'μαμμωνάς', Syriac 'mámóna' (riches),[2] and was an Aramaic loan word in Hebrew meaning wealth[5] although it may also have meant 'that in which one trusts'.[6]
The Greek word for "Mammon",mamonas, occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (during the discourse on ostentation) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:9-13). The Authorised Version keeps the Syriac word. John Wycliffeuses "richessis".
Personifications
No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You can not serve both God and Mammon.
Scholars do not agree about its etymology,[1] but it is theorized that Mammon derives from Late Latinmammon, from Greek "μαμμωνάς",Syriac mámóna ("riches"),[2] Aramaicmamon ("riches, money"),[1][3] aloanword from Mishnaic Hebrew 'ממון (mmôn) meaning money,[4][5][6] wealth,[7]or possessions;[8] although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".[1]
The Greek word for "Mammon",μαμμωνάς, occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (during the discourse on ostentation) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:9–13). TheAuthorised Version keeps the Syriac word; John Wycliffe uses richessis.
Christians began to use the name of Mammon as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as a false god in the New Testament. {Mt.6.24; Lk.16.13} The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence.
The Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible explains "mammon is a Semitic word for money or riches."[9]The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording, "You cannot serve God and money at the same time."[10]
"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." – Matthew 6:19–21,24 (KJV)
In the Bible, Mammon is personified inLuke 16:13, and Matthew 6:24, the latter verse repeating Luke 16:13. In the Greek, Luke 16:9, and Luke 16:11 also personify Mammon.
Early mentions of Mammon appear to stem from the personification in theGospels, e.g., Didascalia, "Do solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus"; and Saint Augustine, "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (Serm. on Mt., ii). Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for Beelzebub.
During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard(II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowmanalso regards Mammon as a deity.Nicholas de Lyra (commenting on the passage in Luke) says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon).
Albert Barnes in his Notes on the New Testament states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutusamong the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.[11]
No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists,[8] and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Spenser's The Faerie Queene, where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. Milton'sParadise Lost describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.[12][13] Later occultistwritings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in Past and Present, the 'Gospel of Mammonism' became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the nineteenth century.
Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears inThe Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves being associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".
In various countries
- "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon in Slavic countries. Currently, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in the Polish language as a synonym to money. This, however, has biblical origins; see above. The word "mammona" is quite often used in theFinnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth.
- In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial term for "money".[14]
- In Arabic, the word amaana means a "financial or material trust held for someone else". Its triliteral root is /aleph – mim – nun/ and so it is likely a cognate with Syriac mámóna.Sumerian, however, is not a Semitic language, although it was supplanted by Akkadian, which is a Semitic language. In the Quran, a character named Haman is mentioned along with the name "Pharaoh" on six occasions in two Surahs, 28:6; 28:8; 28:38; 29:39; 40:34; and 40:36. Muslim tradition identifies this Haman as a person of incredible wealth.
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